axle hub seal

4. Wipers Wipers or scrapers are designed to keep contaminants away from the seals, reducing wear and prolonging the life of the hydraulic system.

Oil seals, also known as lip seals or rotary shaft seals, are critical components used to prevent the leakage of fluids, such as oils and lubricants, from rotary shafts or around stationary components. They serve a dual purpose keeping contaminants out and ensuring lubricants stay in, thereby ensuring the efficient functioning of machinery.

2. U-Cups U-cups are designed to provide a reliable sealing surface on the rod and piston. The unique shape allows them to hold fluid under pressure while preventing leakage.

When it comes to protecting sensitive machinery components from contamination by dust and other particles, a hub dust seal is an essential component. These seals are designed to create a barrier between the interior of a hub and the outside environment, preventing harmful particles from entering and causing damage.

This constant high rate of ROS production leads rapidly to extreme macromolecular oxidation, here it is observed in the AOPP and MDA detected after 3 h in samples treated with bare P25TiO₂NPs (Fig. 6, Fig. 7). Macromolecular oxidation includes, among others, both protein and lipid oxidation. The ROS causes protein oxidation by direct reaction or indirect reactions with secondary by-products of oxidative stress. Protein fragmentation or cross-linkages could be produced after the oxidation of amino acid side chains and protein backbones. These and later dityrosine-containing protein products formed during excessive production of oxidants are known as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). They absorb at 340 nm and are used to estimate the damage to structural cell amino acids. Lipid oxidation is detected by the conjugation of oxidized polyunsaturated lipids with thiobarbituric acid, forming a molecule that absorbs light at 532 nm. Polyunsaturated lipids are oxidized as a result of a free-radical-mediated chain of reactions. The most exposed targets are usually membrane lipids. The macromolecular damage could represent a deadly danger if it is too extensive, and this might be the case. Moreover, it could be observed that cellular damage continues further and becomes irrevocable after 6 h and MDA could not be detected. This may be due to the fact that the lipids were completely degraded and cells were no longer viable. Lipids from the cell membrane are the most prone to oxidation. In fact, lipid peroxidation biomarkers are used to screen the oxidative body balance [51]. At the same time, AOPP values are up to 30 times higher for bare nanoparticles in comparison to the functionalized ones.