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Additionally, PQQ has been linked to cognitive function and brain health. Some studies have suggested that PQQ may enhance memory and learning capabilities by reducing neurodegeneration and promoting neuronal growth. The compound appears to influence brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that plays a vital role in the survival and growth of neurons. Enhanced BDNF levels can lead to improved brain function and potentially protect against age-related cognitive decline.
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The process of ATP synthesis begins with glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Pyruvate is then transported into the mitochondria, where it undergoes further oxidation in a series of reactions collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle. During this cycle, high-energy electron carriers are generated, which are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. The energy released during this process is coupled with the conversion of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to ATP.
mitochondrial basics
