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Titanium dioxide, a versatile and widely used material, finds its application in various industries including the rubber industry. This white pigment is known for its excellent UV resistance, durability, and opacity, making it an ideal choice for enhancing the properties of rubber products.

The neuromorphic nature of the resistive switching in TiO₂ memristors has triggered a series of studies addressing their functional coupling with living biological systems. The common features of the electroconductive behavior of memristive and biological neural networks have been revised in terms of physical, mathematical, and stochastic models (Chua, 2013; Feali and Ahmadi, 2016). The memristive electronics was shown to support important synaptic functions such as spike timing-dependent plasticity (Jo et al., 2010; Pickett et al., 2013). Recently, a memristive simulation of important biological synaptic functions such as non-linear transmission characteristics, short-/long-term plasticity, and paired-pulse facilitation has been reported for hybrid organic–inorganic memristors using Ti-based maleic acid/TiO₂ ultrathin films (Liu et al., 2020). In relation to this, functionalized TiO₂ memristive systems may be in competition with the new generation of two-dimensional memristive materials such as WSe₂ (Zhu et al., 2018), MoS₂ (Li et al., 2018), MoS₂/graphene (Kalita et al., 2019), and other systems (Zhang et al., 2019a) with ionic coupling, ionic modulation effects, or other synapse-mimicking functionalities. Furthermore, the biomimetic fabrication of TiO₂ (Seisenbaeva et al., 2010; Vijayan and Puglia, 2019; Kumar et al., 2020) opens up new horizons for its versatile microstructural patterning and functionalizations.